Lingwa de Planeta | Nouns and Adjectives

In this lesson you will learn:

• 11 verbs (muvi, flai, lopi, sidi, stan, somni, plei, lekti, skribi, remembi, fogeti)
• 11 nouns (jen, kinda, amiga, dom, flor, kitaba, taim; sabah, dey, aksham, nocha)
• 5 adjectives (hao, buhao, syao, gran, jamile)
• 6 intensifiers for adjectives (muy, idyen, aika, basta, tro, ga)
• 7 special verbs (bi | es / bin, ye, yok, hev, sta)
• 7 possessive pronouns (may, nuy, yur, suy, luy, elay, ley)
• 5 demonstrative words (se, to, sey, toy, tal)
• 1 preposition (de)
• 1 question word (kwel)
• 8 suffixes (-ina, -o, a/sa, -ing, shil, bile, kin, gron)
• 8 particles (-ge, gin-, man-, da, den, -ney, gro-, -ki)

Total: 70 vocabulary units (+97 from lessons 1 and 2 = a total of 167 units)

Nouns

Nouns are words that answer the question "what?" or "who?".

Nouns can be simple and derived. Examples of simple nouns:

• jen - person
• kinda - child
• flor - flower
• kitaba - book
• dom - house
• amiga - friend
• taim - time

It is important to note that the noun itself does not carry the meaning of quantity. Thus, the word flor, for example, depending on the context, can mean both "flower" (singular) and "flowers" (plural).

To specify singularity, the word un (one) can be placed before the word:

Another way to specify singularity (one piece, one bit): the particle (countable word) -ge (placed after the word):

To specify plurality, words denoting quantity are used (for example, mucho - "many"), or the plural form (see lesson 5 for more details).

The idea of gender (more precisely, sex) by default is implied only in a series of nouns denoting people:

If it is necessary to specify gender in other cases, use:

• the prefixes gin- | man-

• the suffix -o

• the replacement of the ending a with -ina

The noun in Lidepla has no case forms. However, 2 different case meanings of the noun are distinguished from the point of view of its function in the sentence (the same 2 case meanings are also relevant for personal pronouns):

• nominative case meaning (position before the verb)

• oblique case meaning (position after the verb or after a preposition)

If necessary, to indicate the case meaning of the word when changing the word order (for example, in order to especially highlight the meaning of the word), special particles da can be used for the nominative case meaning and den for the oblique case meaning:

Such particles allow a practically free word order in the sentence. However, it should be noted that these particles should not be overused.

Verbal Nouns

Nouns can be formed from verbs.

A general noun, related to the action, denoting a process / result, is formed by:

• replacing the final "i" with "a" (if the verb ends in consonant + i):

  • lubi - to love
  • luba - love

• adding "a" (if the verb ends in consonant + i, but is monosyllabic):

  • pri - to like
  • pria - affection, liking

• adding "sa" (if the verb does not end in i):

  • gun - to work
  • gunsa - work

Translation Exercise

• hope
• knowledge
• help
• request
• joy
• question
• answer
• arrival
• song
• journey

It is important to note that in all the above cases the noun is related to the verb, but carries some additional meaning. However, a pure verbal noun, which denotes precisely the action as such, can also be formed with the help of the suffix -ing:

• swimi (to swim) swiming (swimming)
• janmi (to be born, to give birth) janming (process of birth, childbirth) (janma - birth)

Adjectives

Adjectives answer the question "which?"

Examples of adjectives:

• hao - good
• buhao - not good, bad
• gran - big
• syao - small
• jamile - beautiful

Reminder: in the combination ao, the a is stressed; the letter j is read as a soft, vibrant "y".

Together with adjectives, to clarify the meaning, the following words are used:

• muy - very
• idyen - a little
• aika - quite, very
• basta - enough
• tro - too much
• ga - completely
• ga syao - completely small
• basta gran - sufficiently large
• muy jamile - very beautiful
• aika hao - quite good

Adjectives can be formed from verbs. An adjective with the meaning of "prone to doing something" is formed from a verb by adding the suffix -shil (the position of the stress does not change):

• samajishil - understanding
• dumishil - thoughtful
• gunshil - hardworking

Adjectives with the meaning of "that can be..." are formed with the suffix -bile (the word receives an additional stress on the suffix):

• vidibile - visible
• audibile - audible
• samajibile - understandable

Translation Exercise

• loving
• traveling
• often asking
• trustworthy
• hopeful
• prone to hoping

Verb bi / es / bin

In Lidepla, verbs do not change their form, except for the only verb "to be": the exceptional verb bi has the form es in the present tense and bin in the past tense. Before the copulative verb bi/es/bin there is usually a noun, and after it, an adjective.

The verb bi/es/bin is never omitted.

In special questions with the verb bi (es, bin) it is possible and, as a rule, inversion occurs, that is, the verb is placed immediately after the question word:

In a complex sentence with a question word, as a rule, there is no inversion:

Translation Exercise

• The book is quite big.
• The child is too small.
• Where is the flower?
• The flower was very beautiful.
• How will the house be?
• The house will be very good.

If the subject is expressed by the word se ("this") or the pronouns ta or it, it can be omitted, both in the question and in the answer (if the meaning is understood from the context):

Adjective as an attribute

Of course, nouns, like personal pronouns, can play the role of subject or object of a verb.

In such a function, nouns can be accompanied by adjectives.

The attribute, as a rule, is located before the word it modifies.

Demonstrative words:

• sey - this
• toy - that
• tal - such

Translation Exercise

• This child is small, but quite understanding.
• That person was very good.
• I don't like this house: it's too small.
• You shouldn't talk to that person: he won't be a good friend for you.
• That house is big enough for us to live in.
• This child is too fond of asking questions.

Verbs of existence ye, yok, hev

Sometimes it is necessary to say "there is" not in the sense of quality, but in the sense of presence or absence of something. In this case, instead of the verb bi, the words ye (there is, exists) and yok (there is not, is absent) are used:

To report something belonging to someone, the verb hev - to have - is used.

Translation Exercise

• There is a small house there.
• There are no flowers here.
• We will have a child.
• He had such a book.

Adjectives and possessive pronouns

To ask the question "whose?" and answer it, the determining particle ney is used:

Compound adjectives are possible:

The same meaning can be expressed with the preposition de:

With the same particle -ney, possessive pronouns can also be formed, in principle: me-ney, yu-ney, ta-ney, etc. But possessive pronouns are very often used in speech, so there are also short forms for them: may (my), yur (your, yours), nuy (our), ley (their), suy (his/her), luy (his), elay (her).

From the reflexive pronoun swa, the possessive pronoun swa-ney (own) can be formed.

Translation Exercise

• my child
• my child's book
• your book
• my own house
• our child's friend
• their time
• his flower

Particles gro- and -ki

In the Lidepla language, the following are widely used:

• the augmentative prefix particle gro-
• the diminutive-affective suffix particle -ki

To form the diminutive-affective of a noun or a name, the final vowel can be replaced by "i"; a long name can be shortened to one syllable (this method is not always applicable):

• doga (dog) - dogi (little dog (affective form))
• Dimitri - Dimi
• Konstantin - Konsti

Also in the language there are the word-forming suffixes -kin and -gron, which serve to form nouns with a new quality:

• kitaba (book) - kitabagron (huge volume, folio)
• dom (house) - domkin (e.g., greenhouse)

Translation Exercise

• enormous
• beautiful
• urgently need
• ardently desire
• little man
• little flower

New verbs

Translation Exercise

• I have a friend.
• He is a wonderful person.
• He is very hardworking and understanding.
• He has a small child.
• My friend wants to be with the child, wants to see how his child lives.
• But he can't, because he has to work.
• He doesn't have time to play with his son.
• When he comes, the child sleeps.
• My friend hopes that when the child is grown, he can read books to him and talk to him about them.
• My friend's son cannot understand why his father cannot play with him.
• The child cannot sit without playing. He wants to run, sing, dance.
• Also, my friend has a father.
• He is very old (lao).
• He doesn't remember his name.
• He doesn't see and therefore (because of this) he cannot read or write.
• He needs to sleep.

Text

Read the text. Clarify the meaning of the words you don't understand. Try to retell this text and/or create your own.

• Me bu jan-te fon wo ta lai.

• Wen ta vidi may avion, ta kwesti:

  • Kwo es sey kosa?
  • Bu es kosa. Es avion. It flai.

• Also yu toshi lai fon skay? Es drole! Fon kwel planeta?

• Also ta lai fon skay.

• Me kwesti:

  • Fon wo yu lai? Wo es yur dom? A wo yu yao pren may yan? (from Antoine de Saint-Exupéry)

• avion (airplane)

• kosa (thing, something)

• skay (sky)

• drole (funny)

• planeta (planet)

• yan (lamb)

Etiquette: greetings, "how are you?"

When greeting at different times of the day, the following expressions can be used:

The words sabah, dey, aksham, nocha themselves mean morning, day, evening and night respectively.

To ask "How are you?" the verb sta ("to be in a certain state") will be needed:

Spanish and Portuguese languages

By number of speakers, Spanish ranks second after Chinese (around 400 million people). Spanish belongs to the group of Romance languages, which means that it originated from Vulgar Latin, that is, the language spoken among common Romans, and that it began to spread throughout the territory of present-day Spain at the end of the 3rd century BC, after Spain became part of the Roman domains. At that time, in the Iberian (Pyrenean) peninsula lived a large number of different tribes, the most numerous being the Iberians and the Celts. In the Mediterranean lands there were Greek colonies. And, in addition, already in the 5th century settlements of Germanic tribes appeared on the peninsula. As a consequence, a huge number of words in modern Spanish have a direct connection with Celtic, Greek, Phoenician and Visigothic analogies. From the 8th century to the 15th century, Arab rule took place in the Iberian Peninsula. The interaction between Arab and Christian culture was not simple or unambiguous. But, be that as it may, the influence of Arabic on Spanish was enormous and undeniable. In medieval times, Spain was in a fragmented state, and different dialects were spoken in different lands. But among all the lands, Castile gradually became the most powerful and influential, and it was Castilian that became the basis of modern Spanish. However, the differences in pronunciation and lexicon in the different provinces of Spain are clearly noticeable to this day.

Excerpt from "The Little Prince" (the accent mark is placed before the stressed syllable, the combinations ue, ua are pronounced as one, the accent on the second sound:)

¡Ah, principito!
aa prinsi'pito

Así, poco a poco, comprendí tu pequeña vida melancólica.
a'si 'poko a 'poko kompren'di tu pe'kenya 'vida melan'kolika

Durante mucho tiempo tu única distracción fue la suavidad de las puestas de sol.
du'rante mucho 'tyempo tu 'unika dis'trakf/sion fue la suavi'dad de las pu'estas de sol

Me enteré de este nuevo detalle, en la mañana del cuarto día, cuando me dijiste:
me ente're de 'este 'nuevo de'taye en la ma'nyana del ku'arto 'dia 'kuando me di'histe

Me encantan las puestas de sol.
me en'kantan las 'puestas de sol

Portuguese is a language closely related to Spanish, and also one of the most spoken languages on earth.

Excerpt from "The Little Prince" in Portuguese:

Ah, Principezinho!
aa prinsipezinyu

Assim, aos poucos, fui ficando a conhecer a tua melancólica vidinha!
assim aus poukus fui fikandu a konyeser a tua melankolika vijinya

Durante muito tempo, a tua única distracção foi a beleza dos crepúsculos.
duranchi muintu tempu, a tua unika jistrasaun foi a beleza dus krepuskulus

Fiquei a sabê-lo na manhã do quarto dia, quando me disseste:
fikei a sabelu na manyan du kwartu dia, kwandu mi jiseschi

Gosto muito dos pores do Sol.
gostu muintu dous poris ji sou.

Spanish and Portuguese, as Romance languages, contain an enormous amount of words of Latin origin, many of which have become international. Precisely these words constitute the majority of the vocabulary of Lidepla.

Most frequent words taken from Spanish:

Functional words:

• a - to
• kada - each
• kwanto - how much
• es - to be
• ela - she
• mil - thousand
• mucho - much, many
• komo - as, like
• sol - only
• sin - without
• i..i - and .. and
• muy - very
• basta - enough
• ambi - both
• segun - according to

Nouns:

• kosa - thing, something
• flor - flower
• tasa - cup
• kamina - path, road
• tren - train
• avion - airplane
• amiga - friend
• vos - voice
• munda - world (all around)
• oton - autumn
• mes - month
• isla - island
• mar - sea

Verbs:

• skribi - to write
• fumi - to smoke
• inviti - to invite
• visiti - to visit
• resolvi - to solve (a problem)
• regi - to reign
• gobernar)
• kresi - to grow
• konsenti - to consent
• doni - to give

Adjectives:

• gran - big
• blan - white
• lente - slow
• otre - other
• alegre - cheerful
• agude - sharp
• vere - true
• tarde - late
• kare - expensive
• libre - free
• sane - healthy

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