Lingwa de Planeta | Verbal Particles

In this lesson you will learn:

• 14 verbs (kan, slu, telefoni, weiti, miti, klosi, ofni, begin, fini, stopi, chi, pi, bikam, repeti, maini)
• 8 nouns (dwar, leta, versa, kafee, aiskrem, chay, vino, dela)
• 10 particles (ba, bye, hay, magari, nomagari, wud, he, sal, zai, gwo)
• 6 affixes (en-, ek-, fa-, mah-, -(i)fi, -(i)si)
• 1 conjunction (si)
• 4 useful words (shayad, mogbi, yo, haishi)
• 3 courtesy words (plis, danke, skusi)

In total 47 vocabulary units (+167 from lessons 1-3 = a total of 214 units)

Expressing commands, requests, wishes

The basic form, used without a subject, expresses the imperative:

• Jawabi! (Answer!)

To express a request, plis (please) or bi karim (be so kind) is usually added.

if the verb obviously has only an indirect object, the preposition can be omitted: helpi a me = helpi me

To explicitly express the imperative, the particle ba can be added:

To express the imperative in negative form, the particle bye is also used (in this case the particle ba is not necessary):

The meaning "let's (do something)" can also be expressed with the particle ba:

A wish can also be expressed with the following particles (they are placed at the beginning of the sentence):

• Hay - Volitive, I wish
• Magari - hopefully
• Nomagari - hopefully not

After these particles, not only the basic form of the verb can be used.

wish that the action has already occurred

Translation Exercise

• Please don't run: I can't understand what you're telling me.
• Please give me my flower. It's there.
• Please read this book to me: I want to hear you read.
• I wish he/she understood me!
• I wish I hadn't believed them!
• Wait for me here, please.
• Let him/her talk to me about it.

Condition and conditionality

When responding to a request, sometimes the word "would" is needed: wud.

And the word "would" is closely related to the word

• si - if...
• dan - then

The word (conjunction) "if" can, of course, be used without "would":

Translation Exercise

• If you don't believe me, I won't come.
• If you want to play and not work, don't come.
• Could you sleep if we sang and danced here?
• I would answer you, but I don't understand what you're asking about.

Clarification of the time of the action

When responding to a request, explaining something in the answer, sometimes it is necessary to specifically indicate that an action is happening at this moment, soon, or, on the contrary, that it has just finished.

For this, in Lidepla there are special clarifying particles:

• zai - "right now"
• sal - "very soon", "I'm going to"
• he - "already finished"
• yus he - "just finished"

The particles wud and he can go together before the verb if it is about a supposition about the past:

Pay attention that some verbs can participate in the construction of verbal sequences:

Translation Exercise

• I came, I'm eating and I'm going to sleep.
• He just finished dancing.
• He's about to start playing now.
• I would have told you, but you didn't come.

It can also happen that you need to say that the action, in principle, took place, at some point, no matter when.

Or that it never happened. For this there is the particle gwo:

Translation Exercise

• He says he just arrived and therefore cannot read the letter (leta) right now.
• He didn't understand that she had (never) seen him, and wouldn't come if I didn't talk to her.
• I had to work today, so I just got home, I'm eating and talking to the kids about why there are no crocodiles (krokodil) in America ("ik" unstressed, the accent falls on the e).
• I will not open the door (dwar) of my house, whoever comes and whatever they say. I will not go because she does not want to open the door for me.

Aspect prefixes

Often, especially when telling a story, when it matters how actions relate to each other, it is important to show that the action began, or that it was abrupt, brief, unique.

For this there are the following verbal prefixes:

• en- - beginning of the action
• ek- - sudden, one-time

With the help of these prefixes, verbs corresponding to Russian perfective verbs can also be formed:

• jan - to know
• en-jan - to find out
• krai - to shout
• ek-krai - to shout suddenly

Translation Exercise

• to want
• to get up
• to remember
• to move
• to fall asleep

Transitivity / intransitivity particles

Many verbs in Lidepla can be used with or without an object:

However, in some cases it is necessary to specifically emphasize the absence of an object (intransitivity of the verb).

This can be done with the particle fa-:

With the particle mah- you can emphasize transitivity or form a transitive verb:

• astoni - to surprise (oneself)
• mah-astoni - to surprise
• remembi - to remember
• mah-remembi - to remember, to bring to mind
• chi - to eat
• mah-chi - to feed

Translation Exercise

• to give to drink
• to plant
• to be visible

The same particles are also used with adjectives to indicate a change in quality:

• mah- (to make or turn something)
• fa- (to become or turn into something)

they are written before the adjective with a hyphen

• syao - small
• mah-syao - to decrease
• gran - big
• fa-gran - to increase, to grow

It should be noted that these verbs mainly denote a change in quality. To indicate the establishment of a new quality, there is also the verb bikam (to become):

To form verbs (from adjectives or other verbs) suffixes can also be used:

• -(i)fi - synonym of fa
• -(i)si - synonym of mah

• klare - clear
• klarifi - to become clear
• klarisi - to clarify

The particle fa- can also be used with nouns that designate, for example, the time of day:

• dey - day
• fa-dey - to dawn, to become day

Expression of supposition

A supposition can be expressed with the words:

• shayad - probably
• mogbi - perhaps
• musbi - must be

after these words, the basic form of the verb is usually used if the supposition refers to the future:

In such sentences, the words yo (already) and haishi (still, yet) can be useful:

New verbs

Text

In animal-shop.

- Ob ye papagay?

- Non, bat yu mog kupi pelatuk (woodpecker).

- Ob ta toshi janmog shwo?

- Non, bat ta janmog yusi Morse-alfabet.

• animal-shop (pet shop)
• papagay (parrot)
• kupi (to buy)
• yusi (to use)
• Morse-alfabet (Morse alphabet)

Etiquette: Thank you! Excuse me, what did you say?

To express gratitude, the word Danke! (thank you) or the expression Danke gro! (thank you very much) is used.

You can respond to gratitude with the expression Bi hao! (You're welcome! With pleasure! No problem!) or Es syao dela. (It's nothing. Don't mention it).

If you didn't hear what your interlocutor said, you can ask again:

• Skusi? (Excuse me?)

If you heard, but don't quite understand what it's about, you can ask like this:

Language in focus: The Arabic language

The number of native Arabic speakers is estimated at around 250 million people. However, classical Arabic, as the language of the Quran, is used in a limited way by followers of Islam worldwide, which already totals more than one and a half billion people.

The appearance of the Quran, written in Arabic, in the 7th century, became a decisive moment in the history of the Arabic language. From that moment, Arabic script was fully formalized, and the standardization of the language (which existed mainly as a set of related dialects) and the development of its literary form began.

Linguists point out that the first monuments of the Arabic language testify to a significant amount of borrowings from neighboring Semitic and Aramaic languages, from Persian, Greek, Latin, and later also from Turkish.

The next crucial period in the development of the Arabic language was the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, when economic contacts between the Arab East and the West intensified. Today, international scientific and technical terms and expressions characteristic of the media actively penetrate the Arabic language, despite the activity of the academies of the Arabic language, which do everything possible to preserve it in its most unaltered form.

Excerpt from The Little Prince in Arabic (the transcription only approximately reflects the pronunciation; in Arabic it is written from right to left):

ah, ayyuhaa alamiir assaghiir, maa alwakt kadartu alaa an afham hayaataka alkaiiba, waktan tawiilan mad/saa wa lam tamlik — lita'aasii nafsik — illaa jamaal mash'hid g/huruubi ashams.

amaltu bihaad/saa fii ssabaahi alyawm arraabi.

amaltu bihaad/saa fii alyawmi arraabi indamaa kult :

"anaa uhibbu mashaahid ghuruubi ashams kat/siran, ta'aala, dina nuraakib hidaahaa.

Words from Lidepla with Arabic origin:

Nouns:

• salam - peace, hello!
• talim - education, enlightenment
• kitaba - book
• dafta - notebook
• kalam - pencil, pen
• taraf - side
• arda - earth
• sabah - morning
• bulbul - nightingale
• ramla - sand
• sahil - shore
• saif - summer
• fauha - smell
• hamsa - whisper

Verbs:

• shakwi - to complain
• jawabi - to answer
• ahfi - to hide
• balbati - to murmur, to bubble
• raki - to ride something, to go on something
• safari - to travel

Adjectives:

• karim - kind
• rahim - merciful
• salim - whole, unharmed
• muhim - important
• jamile - beautiful
• garibe - strange, foreign
• swate - black
• jatile - cunning, ingenious, complicated

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