Lingwa de Planeta | Pronoun and Adverb System

Compound Pronoun and Adverb System

In the Lidepla language, there is a system of compound pronouns (i.e., words that can be used in place of other parts of speech).

Left part of the pronoun:

• koy - some, any
• kada - each
• eni - any
• otre - other
• nul - no, none
• ol - all

All these words by themselves can be used as adjectives.

Right part of the pronoun:

• wan - for people
• sa - abbreviation for kosa - thing
• lok - from loko - place
• taim - time
• ves - time (as in occurrence)
• grad - from grada - degree
• komo - how

For people:

• koywan - someone
• kadawan - everyone
• eniwan - anyone
• nulwan - no one, nobody
• oli - everyone, all

For objects:

• koysa - something
• enisa - anything
• nixa - nothing
• olo - everything

(kada kosa - "each thing", is not abbreviated)

Sometimes it is necessary to talk about some characteristic or distinctive feature of a person or thing. For this, the preposition do is used:

For space:

• koylok - somewhere
• kadalok - everywhere
• enilok - anywhere
• nullok - nowhere

For time:

• koytaim - sometime
• enitaim - anytime
• oltaim - all the time
• koyves - sometimes
• kadaves - every time
• sempre - always
• neva - never

For degree:

• koygrad - to some extent
• enigrad - to any degree, as much as you want
• nulgrad - not at all

For manner:

• koykomo - somehow
• enikomo - in any way
• nulkomo - in no way

Yu mog kwesti eniwan, enilok. You can ask anyone, anywhere.

In a sentence, any negative word gives a negative nuance to the entire sentence. If there are several negative words, the negative value is only reinforced.

Also in Lidepla there are a number of compound adverbs:

• enikas - in any case
• otrekas - otherwise
• olosam - anyway, be that as it may
• unves - once, one occasion

Note: to talk about the reason, compound words are not used:

Translation Exercise

• Once I found a letter.
• In it, someone wrote that once somewhere they met a beautiful girl (gela).
• He noticed her when she was buying something at the store (shop).
• For some reason, he was afraid to talk to her then.
• Later, he sometimes noticed her in the city (urba) park (parka).
• And then she disappeared.
• He tried to find her, he looked for her everywhere.
• He asked everyone, each one, if they had seen a beautiful girl with kind eyes (okos).
• But nobody could help him.
• He is still looking. He believes he will find her somewhere.
• Maybe she will even read this letter.

Prepositions of Place

To report the position of something or the direction of movement of something, a series of prepositions are used, many of which can also be used independently, as adverbs.

Simple prepositions of place:

• in - in — broad meaning
• on - on the surface
• bli - near
• inter - between
• miden - in the middle of
• sobre - over, above
• sub - under, below
• bifoo - in front of

Adverb-prepositions of place (can be used both with nouns as prepositions, and independently as adverbs):

• inen - inside
• ausen - outside
• traen - on the other side
• uuparen - above
• nichen - below
• avanen - in front
• baken - behind
• leften - to the left
• desnen - to the right
• flanken - to the side

Translation Exercise

• I live in a house in the village (vilaja). Next to my house there is a garden.
• Between the house and the garden there is a small pond (chitan).
• It is very pleasant (priate) to sit (and) read among the trees (baum) in the garden.
• Especially (osobem) in summer, when it's hot.
• When it rains outside, I prefer to be inside the house and watch it rain through the window (winda).
• In the house upstairs (at the top of the house) there is an attic (rufshamba – ruf - roof, shamba - room).
• When I was little, I loved to go there and play as if it were my own (prope) secret (sekret-ney) house.
• There I had a small table (tabla) in the center, and many books on the table, and maps (mapa) on the walls (mur).
• On the table there was a lamp (lampa), and under the table a cat (kota) used to sit.

Prepositions of Movement

Simple prepositions of movement:

• a - to, towards
• an - indicates the object of the action
• fon - from
• kontra - against (e.g., a blow), against
• along - along

Adverb-prepositions of movement:

• inu - in, inwards
• aus - from, outwards
• tra - through
• uupar - up
• nich - down
• avan - forward
• bak - back
• a lefta - to the left
• a desna - to the right
• a flanka - to the side

Translation Exercise

• I'm driving from the city to the village.
• I will go into the house and not leave for the whole (tote) day.
• Because I like to be at home with my mother (mata) and my father (patra).
• The village is not near the city.
• I have to go through the forest (shulin), then the road (kamina) goes down, then up.
• First I turn left, then right.
• I move forward quickly.
• I am happy (felise): I will return to the city only in a week.

The preposition, as a rule, is placed before the word to which it refers:

However, the word order can be changed if the particle den is placed before the word to which the preposition refers:

With the same particle you can indicate a change in the position of the direct object of the verb:

New Verbs

Text

Sub may kama ye un landa. Gro-gran landa! It fa-extendi ya fon avangamba a
bakgamba de may kama. In sey landa ye kolina e plana, shulin e agra, kamina,
riva, domes e jenta. Bat lo zuy muhim es ferdao. Treba ya shwo ke kolina e
plana, domes e jenta existi dar sol fo ferdao, bu kontra-nem. Ob se bu es
interes-ney? Yoshi pyu interes-ney es to ke in sey landa ye oli char seson pa
same taim. Bli lao melidom syao vesna-ney flor flori, in agra sereal fa-mature,
in garden ye mucho yabla e yel-ney shulin sobre tunel es ga kuti-ney bay snega.
(afte Yan Ulichanski)

• kama - bed
• landa - country
• extendi - to extend
• gamba - leg
• kolina - hill
• plana - plain
• agra - field
• riva - river
• jenta - people
• muhim - important
• ferdao - railway
• existi - to exist
• melidom - mill
• flori - to bloom
• sereal - cereal
• mature - ripe
• yabla - apple
• yel - fir tree
• tunel - tunnel
• kuti-ney - covered, wrapped

Madu es zuy hao dona, ya, zuy. Iven un asla samaji se tuy. Iven muy shao de
madu es hao, iven un chiza o dwa oda ot... Wel, tem pyu hao si ye fule pot! Bat
madu es kosa kel kausi shok: enisa ya oda ye oda yok, bat madu... koyves
desapari koylok... Si madu ye, dan ya madu tuy yok!

• madu - honey
• dona - gift
• iven - even
• asla - donkey
• chiza - spoon
• wel - well
• fule - full
• pot - pot
• kausi - to cause
• shok - shock, astonishment
• desapari - to disappear

Etiquette: how do you get to...?

If you find yourself in an unfamiliar place, you will probably need to ask (for example, a friend who speaks Lidepla) how to get somewhere.

The answer you will probably get will be something like this:

Language in focus: Japanese

Japanese is the native language of 125 million people. Scientists debate the origin of the Japanese language. It is known for certain that approximately in the 6th century BC, Japan established diplomatic relations with China and Korea, thanks to which elements of the culture of these countries penetrated the life of the Japanese. At this same time, the first written works appeared in Japan, composed for the most part of Chinese characters. In the 16th century, the Portuguese introduced into Japan the achievements of technological progress and the European religion, and, as a consequence, the Japanese language was significantly enriched with loanwords from Portuguese. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Japanese ruler imposed a ban on Christianity and declared Japan a closed country. Since then, there have been no significant external interventions in the development of the Japanese language.

Excerpt from "The Little Prince":

王子さま、あなたは、はればれしない日々を送ってこられたようだが、ぼくには、そのわけが、だんだんとわかってきました。
oji-sama, anata wa, harebare shinai hibi o okutte korareta yoo da ga, boku ni wa, sono wake ga, dandan to wakatte kimashita.

ながいこと、あなたの気が晴れるのは、しずかな入り日のころだけだったのですね。
Nagai koto, anata no ki ga hareru no wa, shizuka na iribi no koro dake datta no desu ne.

ぼくは四日めの朝、あなたが、ぼくにこういったとき、この、いままで知らずにいたことを知ったのです。
Boku wa yokkame no asa, anata ga, boku ni koo itta toki, kono, ima made shirazu ni ita koto o shitta no desu.

「ぼくね、日の暮れるころがだいすきなんだよ。」
"Boku ne, hi no kureru koro ga daisuki nan'da yo."

There are few words taken from Japanese in Lidepla (however, the grammar of this language was taken into account in the process of development of the grammar of Lidepla):

• arigatoo - thank you (as an option)
• fuki - to blow
• kiba - fang
• tana - shelf
• tawa - tower
• yuma - humor

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